Southern Ocean
8 Things You May Not Have Known About the Newest of Oceans
Who knew the hole in the Ozone was involved?
Master D.M.Lee | 7/15/2023
Fifth and Newest Ocean: The Southern Ocean is the fifth and newest recognized ocean on Earth. It was officially designated as a distinct ocean by the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) in 2000. It surrounds Antarctica and is sometimes referred to as the Antarctic Ocean.
Southernmost Ocean: The Southern Ocean occupies the southernmost waters of the planet, encircling Antarctica. It extends from the coast of Antarctica northwards to approximately 60 degrees South latitude, where it meets the other major oceans. The Southern Ocean is known for its abundance of icebergs. These massive chunks of ice break off from the Antarctic ice shelves and drift into the ocean. Icebergs not only serve as spectacular scenery but also influence ocean currents and ecosystems by providing a platform for microorganisms and acting as nutrient sources when they melt.
Cold and Stormy: The Southern Ocean is characterized by its extremely cold waters and stormy weather conditions. It is one of the coldest and roughest oceans on Earth, with powerful winds and large waves making it challenging for navigation and maritime activities.
A Pine Island Glacier field , August Allen, NSF CC
Antarctic Circumpolar Current:
The Southern Ocean is the only ocean that completely surrounds the Earth, encircling Antarctica. It is characterized by the powerful Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC), which flows from west to east, connecting the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans. This current acts as a barrier, preventing warmer waters from mixing with the colder Antarctic waters.
Ozone Hole: The Southern Ocean is closely tied to the depletion of the ozone layer. The Antarctic ozone hole, which forms over Antarctica during the Southern Hemisphere spring, is strongly influenced by the circulation patterns and extreme cold temperatures of the Southern Ocean.
Unique Marine Ecosystem:
Despite the extreme conditions, the Southern Ocean is teeming with diverse marine life. It is home to various species of seals, whales, penguins, seabirds, and fish, many of which are adapted to survive in the frigid waters. Iconic species like the Antarctic krill, Weddell seals, and Emperor penguins are found in this region.
The depths of the Southern Ocean harbor numerous undiscovered species. Due to its remote and challenging environment, there are still many marine organisms awaiting discovery. Scientists have made fascinating discoveries, such as unusual species of jellyfish and worms, providing valuable insights into the adaptations of life in extreme conditions.
Carbon Sink: The Southern Ocean plays a vital role in regulating the Earth's climate. It acts as a significant carbon sink, absorbing a substantial amount of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. The mixing of deep waters in the ACC helps transport carbon from the surface to the deep ocean, contributing to the regulation of global carbon levels.
Protection and Conservation: Due to its ecological importance and vulnerability, the Southern Ocean is subject to various conservation efforts. The establishment of marine protected areas (MPAs) aims to safeguard its biodiversity and restrict human activities that could negatively impact the delicate ecosystem.
The Southern Ocean is a prime location for scientific research. Numerous countries conduct studies in this region to understand climate change, marine ecosystems, and the impact of human activities on the environment. Research stations, such as those operated by the British Antarctic Survey and the United States Antarctic Program, facilitate these scientific investigations.
